The lanugo soft hair that covers the fetal body starts to shed. The baby is approx. WEEK 33 : The pupils now react to light. The developed neurons help to learn and recognize the environment.
The bones are hardening, however, the skull remains soft and flexible to ease the delivery. WEEK 34 : Fingernails start to grow. The baby is 30 cm long CRL. WEEK 35 : Skin becomes pink and smooth. The baby is gaining weight rapidly. About ounces a week. The legs and arms are now chubby. It might be a good time to get a streptococcus group B exam done.
WEEK 36 : Your baby has grown. A lot. It covers most of the space in the amniotic sac making it difficult to move around. Your breathing will become easier while pee breaks will increase. WEEK 37 : The baby would have turned to cephalic position by now. The toenails have grown and the baby has shed almost all of the lanugo. If it is a boy, the testes continue to descend. In case of a girl, her labias are completely formed now.
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It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Sign in. Log into your account. Password recovery. Tuesday, October 26, Forgot your password? Get help. Parenting Healthy Babies. It will also help identify any umbilical cord problems - such as where a cord is wrapped around one baby's neck. Placenta Problems The placenta is readily seen with ultrasound and the placental site can be identified with considerable accuracy, which is very valuable in dealing with suspected placenta previa.
Caution needs to be exercised, however, because there are certain inherent difficulties in precise localization. Placentas found to be low lying in earlier scans often change as pregnancy advances so that the placenta moves upwards. For this reason, placentae which appear to be low-lying on scanning in the second trimester are rarely found to be so when the patient is rescanned in the third trimester.
However, in spite of these difficulties an ultrasound scan is extremely valuable in determining the cause of an antepartum hemorrhage bleeding in the third trimester antepartum means it occurs not long before childbirth. The ultrasound findings coupled with the clinical findings allow the diagnosis of placenta previa to be made with confidence and clinical management undertaken accordingly.
The detection of placental abruption causing antepartum hemorrhage is more difficult but a large blood clot may be identified.
In such cases, however, the clinical diagnosis is usually clear. Placenta Size And Shape Some abnormalities in the size or shape of the placenta such as placental insufficiency can be detected by ultrasound, for example the large placenta found in women with badly controlled diabetes and the hydropic placenta associated with fetal hydrops swelling in the fetus due to accumulation of fluids. The size of the fetus is related to the size of the placenta; a small placenta is characteristic of intrauterine growth restriction IUGR.
These small-for-gestational-age babies are major contributors to perinatal mortality death from 22 weeks gestation to 7 days after birth , which is 10 times more frequent in growth-retarded fetuses.
Growth restriction arises either from poor general nutrition of the mother or because the maternal blood supply of the placenta is reduced. General nutritional deprivation causes symmetrical growth restriction and the birth of a baby who is small all over. Poor placental perfusion, classically associated with gestational hypertension , causes asymmetrical growth restriction.
Umbilical Cord in Cross Section Amniotic Fluid Volume Amniotic fluid may be increased polyhydramnios in the presence of some congenital anomalies, diabetes, and fetal hydrops.
It may be reduced oligohydramnios in the presence of fetal renal failure, postdate pregnancy, intrauterine growth retardation, and some congenital anomalies. Amniotic fluid volume AFV is often evaluated subjectively by experienced examiners. One rule is that in the presence of polyhydramnios, the fetal shoulders are not both touching the uterine walls at the same time. The single deepest pocket of amniotic fluid is measured vertically. If it is at least 2 cm deep, then true oligohydramnios is not considered present.
Some sonographers and clinicians find this definition too restrictive and will measure the largest pocket in two diameters. Using the AFI, the deepest pocket of fluid in each of four uterine quadrants is measured. The four measurements are added to each other. If the sum is less than 7. If more than While these measurements are commonly used, there is considerable subjectivity involved in obtaining them.
Further, the amount of amniotic fluid present varies, depending to some extent on the state of maternal hydration. Placental Location In most cases, the exact location of the placenta is of little clinical consequence. In a few cases such as 2nd and 3rd trimester bleeding, placenta previa, low-lying placenta , the location of the placental is very important. Read more about 3rd trimester bleeding, placenta previa, and placental abruption. It is usually relatively simple to perform, readily available, and relatively inexpensive.
More detailed scanning Level II, or targeted scan requires higher resolution more expensive equipment and sonographic skills that are more limited in their availablity and significantly more expensive. Indications for a Level II scan may include:. Suspicious findings on a Level I scan History of prior congenital anomaly Insulin dependent diabetes or other medical problem that increases the risk of anomaly. History of seizure disorder, particularly if being treated with medications known to increase the risk of anomaly.
As a practical matter, ultrasound scanning has proven to be so popular with patients and their obstetricians, that almost everyone receiving regular prenatal care ends up with at least one scan anyway. For this reason, the focus of the debate has more recently shifted to when and under what circumstances should patients have ultrasound scans.
Those favoring frequent, routine scans, do so on the basis that incorrect gestational age assessments can be corrected, many congenital anomalies can be detected, growth abnormalities can be identified and treated, and multiple gestations identified early, when intervention is more likely to improve results.
Those opposed to routine scanning point to the lack of significant improvement in outcome identified to date in large studies or routinely-scanned patients. The debate continues. Doppler Flow Studies Using the Doppler principle, blood flow through structures such as the umbilical cord can be identified and quantified. As placental resistance to flow increases, the amount of diastolic flow through the umbilical artery decreases, although systolic flow rates are usually unchanged.
As the resistance increases further, diastolic flow into the placenta ceases. In the most severe form of placental resistance, the diastolic flow reverses.
Doppler flow studies can be useful in determining fetal status in the second trimester fetus who is too small for traditional fetal monitoring techniques to be useful. Doppler can also be helpful as another measure of fetal well-being in the potentially compromised fetus with growth restriction.
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